Market Overview:
The global nickel market reached a volume of 2.5 Million Tons in 2020. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to grow at a CAGR of around 5% during 2021-2026. Keeping in mind the uncertainties of COVID-19, we are continuously tracking and evaluating the direct as well as the indirect influence of the pandemic on different end use industries. These insights are included in the report as a major market contributor.
Nickel, denoted by Ni, is a durable, lustrous and silvery-white metal extracted from nickel sulfide and garnierite mines. It has high electro-magnetic and malleable properties, which aid in casting iron products and manufacturing stainless steel and non-ferrous alloys. Nickel and its derivatives are commonly used in water purification and disposal applications as they require low maintenance and offer water-resistance to the products. When mixed with copper, it is used in desalination plants for the conversion of seawater into freshwater.
The rising demand for corrosion-resistant alloys in the oil and gas industry is one of the key factors driving the growth of the market. Furthermore, the development of high-density nickel-based batteries to meet the power requirements of the growing population is also contributing to the market growth. These batteries serve as a heat- and corrosion-resistant alternative for rechargeable batteries made by using lithium-ion. The advent of electric vehicles is favoring the market growth further. Nickel is also used in wind turbines and solar panels for generating electricity. Furthermore, the rising demand for stainless steel products, including spoons, forks, saucepans, kitchen skins, is driving the product demand. Nickel-based products are also being used for various marine, architectural and construction applications. Other factors, such as technological advancements in the production of nickel through green mining procedures, while incorporating the principles of hydrometallurgy, are expected to drive the market in the upcoming years.
Key Market Segmentation:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global nickel market report, along with forecasts for growth at the global, regional and country-level from 2021-2026. Our report has categorized the market based on product type, application and end-use industry.
Breakup by Product Type:
- Class I Products
- Class II Products
Breakup by Application:
- Stainless Steel and Alloy Steel
- Non-ferrous Alloys and Superalloys
- Electroplating
- Casting
- Batteries
- Others
Breakup by End-Use Industry:
- Transportation & Defense
- Fabricated Metal Products
- Electrical & Electronics
- Chemical
- Petrochemical
- Construction
- Consumer Durables
- Industrial Machinery
- Others
Breakup by Region:
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- South Korea
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Others
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Spain
- Russia
- Others
- North America
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Chile
- Peru
- Others
- Middle East and Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- Iran
- United Arab Emirates
- Others
Competitive Landscape:
The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined with some of the key players being Anglo American plc, BHP, Cunico Corporation, Eramet, Glencore, Independence Group, Jinchuan Group International Resources Co. Ltd, Nornickel, Pacific Metal Company, Queensland Nickel, Sherritt International, Sumitomo Corporation, Terrafame Ltd., Vale, Votorantim Group, etc.
Report Coverage:
| Report Features |
Details |
|---|
| Base Year of the Analysis |
2020 |
| Historical Period |
2015-2020 |
| Forecast Period |
2021-2026 |
| Units |
Million Tons |
| Segment Coverage |
Product Type, Application, End-Use Industry, Region |
| Region Covered |
Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa |
| Countries Covered |
United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, United Arab Emirates |
| Companies Covered |
Anglo American plc, BHP, Cunico Corporation, Eramet, Glencore, Independence Group, Jinchuan Group International Resources Co. Ltd, Nornickel, Pacific Metal Company, Queensland Nickel, Sherritt International, Sumitomo Corporation, Terrafame Ltd., Vale and Votorantim Group |
| Customization Scope |
10% Free Customization |
| Report Price and Purchase Option |
Single User License: US$ 2299
Five User License: US$ 3399
Corporate License: US$ 4499 |
| Post-Sale Analyst Support |
10-12 Weeks |
| Delivery Format |
PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/Word format on special request) |
1 Preface
2 Scope and Methodology
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 Executive Summary
4 Introduction
4.1 Overview
4.2 Key Industry Trends
5 Global Nickel Market
5.1 Market Overview
5.2 Market Performance
5.3 Impact of COVID-19
5.4 Market Forecast
6 Market Breakup by Product Type
6.1 Class I Products
6.1.1 Market Trends
6.1.2 Market Forecast
6.2 Class II Products
6.2.1 Market Trends
6.2.2 Market Forecast
7 Market Breakup by Application
7.1 Stainless Steel and Alloy Steel
7.1.1 Market Trends
7.1.2 Market Forecast
7.2 Non-ferrous Alloys and Superalloys
7.2.1 Market Trends
7.2.2 Market Forecast
7.3 Electroplating
7.3.1 Market Trends
7.3.2 Market Forecast
7.4 Casting
7.4.1 Market Trends
7.4.2 Market Forecast
7.5 Batteries
7.5.1 Market Trends
7.5.2 Market Forecast
7.6 Others
7.6.1 Market Trends
7.6.2 Market Forecast
8 Market Breakup by End-Use Industry
8.1 Transportation & Defense
8.1.1 Market Trends
8.1.2 Market Forecast
8.2 Fabricated Metal Products
8.2.1 Market Trends
8.2.2 Market Forecast
8.3 Electrical & Electronics
8.3.1 Market Trends
8.3.2 Market Forecast
8.4 Chemical
8.4.1 Market Trends
8.4.2 Market Forecast
8.5 Petrochemical
8.5.1 Market Trends
8.5.2 Market Forecast
8.6 Construction
8.6.1 Market Trends
8.6.2 Market Forecast
8.7 Consumer Durables
8.7.1 Market Trends
8.7.2 Market Forecast
8.8 Industrial Machinery
8.8.1 Market Trends
8.8.2 Market Forecast
8.9 Others
8.9.1 Market Trends
8.9.2 Market Forecast
9 Market Breakup by Region
9.1 Asia Pacific
9.1.1 China
9.1.1.1 Market Trends
9.1.1.2 Market Forecast
9.1.2 Japan
9.1.2.1 Market Trends
9.1.2.2 Market Forecast
9.1.3 India
9.1.3.1 Market Trends
9.1.3.2 Market Forecast
9.1.4 South Korea
9.1.4.1 Market Trends
9.1.4.2 Market Forecast
9.1.5 Australia
9.1.5.1 Market Trends
9.1.5.2 Market Forecast
9.1.6 Indonesia
9.1.6.1 Market Trends
9.1.6.2 Market Forecast
9.1.7 Others
9.1.7.1 Market Trends
9.1.7.2 Market Forecast
9.2 Europe
9.2.1 Germany
9.2.1.1 Market Trends
9.2.1.2 Market Forecast
9.2.2 France
9.2.2.1 Market Trends
9.2.2.2 Market Forecast
9.2.3 United Kingdom
9.2.3.1 Market Trends
9.2.3.2 Market Forecast
9.2.4 Italy
9.2.4.1 Market Trends
9.2.4.2 Market Forecast
9.2.5 Spain
9.2.5.1 Market Trends
9.2.5.2 Market Forecast
9.2.6 Russia
9.2.6.1 Market Trends
9.2.6.2 Market Forecast
9.2.7 Others
9.2.7.1 Market Trends
9.2.7.2 Market Forecast
9.3 North America
9.3.1 United States
9.3.1.1 Market Trends
9.3.1.2 Market Forecast
9.3.2 Canada
9.3.2.1 Market Trends
9.3.2.2 Market Forecast
9.4 Latin America
9.4.1 Brazil
9.4.1.1 Market Trends
9.4.1.2 Market Forecast
9.4.2 Mexico
9.4.2.1 Market Trends
9.4.2.2 Market Forecast
9.4.3 Argentina
9.4.3.1 Market Trends
9.4.3.2 Market Forecast
9.4.4 Colombia
9.4.4.1 Market Trends
9.4.4.2 Market Forecast
9.4.5 Chile
9.4.5.1 Market Trends
9.4.5.2 Market Forecast
9.4.6 Peru
9.4.6.1 Market Trends
9.4.6.2 Market Forecast
9.4.7 Others
9.4.7.1 Market Trends
9.4.7.2 Market Forecast
9.5 Middle East and Africa
9.5.1 Turkey
9.5.1.1 Market Trends
9.5.1.2 Market Forecast
9.5.2 Saudi Arabia
9.5.2.1 Market Trends
9.5.2.2 Market Forecast
9.5.3 Iran
9.5.3.1 Market Trends
9.5.3.2 Market Forecast
9.5.4 United Arab Emirates
9.5.4.1 Market Trends
9.5.4.2 Market Forecast
9.5.5 Others
9.5.5.1 Market Trends
9.5.5.2 Market Forecast
10 SWOT Analysis
10.1 Overview
10.2 Strengths
10.3 Weaknesses
10.4 Opportunities
10.5 Threats
11 Value Chain Analysis
11.1 Overview
11.2 Mining and Milling Companies
11.3 Metal Manufacturers
11.4 Alloy Manufacturers
11.5 Distribution and Export
11.6 End-Use Industries
11.7 Recycling Companies
12 Porters Five Forces Analysis
12.1 Overview
12.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4 Degree of Competition
12.5 Threat of New Entrants
12.6 Threat of Substitutes
13 Competitive Landscape
13.1 Market Structure
13.2 Key Players
13.3 Profiles of Key Players
13.3.1 Anglo American plc
13.3.1.1 Company Overview
13.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.1.3 Financials
13.3.1.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.2 BHP
13.3.2.1 Company Overview
13.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.3 Cunico Corporation
13.3.3.1 Company Overview
13.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.4 Eramet
13.3.4.1 Company Overview
13.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.5 Glencore
13.3.5.1 Company Overview
13.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.6 Independence Group
13.3.6.1 Company Overview
13.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.6.3 Financial
13.3.7 Jinchuan Group International Resources Co. Ltd
13.3.7.1 Company Overview
13.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.8 Nornickel
13.3.8.1 Company Overview
13.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.9 Pacific Metal Company
13.3.9.1 Company Overview
13.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.10 Queensland Nickel
13.3.10.1 Company Overview
13.3.10.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.11 Sherritt International
13.3.11.1 Company Overview
13.3.11.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.11.3 Financials
13.3.11.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.12 Sumitomo Corporation
13.3.12.1 Company Overview
13.3.12.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.12.3 Financials
13.3.12.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.13 Terrafame Ltd.
13.3.13.1 Company Overview
13.3.13.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.14 Vale
13.3.14.1 Company Overview
13.3.14.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.14.3 Financials
13.3.14.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.15 Votorantim Group
13.3.15.1 Company Overview
13.3.15.2 Product Portfolio
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global: Nickel Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
Figure 2: Global: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2015-2020
Figure 3: Global: Nickel Market: Breakup by Product Type (in %), 2020
Figure 4: Global: Nickel Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2020
Figure 5: Global: Nickel Market: Breakup by End-Use Industry (in %), 2020
Figure 6: Global: Nickel Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2020
Figure 7: Global: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 8: Global: Nickel (Class I Products) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 9: Global: Nickel (Class I Products) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 10: Global: Nickel (Class II Products) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 11: Global: Nickel (Class II Products) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 12: Global: Nickel (Stainless Steel and Alloy Steel) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 13: Global: Nickel (Stainless Steel and Alloy Steel) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 14: Global: Nickel (Non-ferrous Alloys and Superalloys) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 15: Global: Nickel (Non-ferrous Alloys and Superalloys) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 16: Global: Nickel (Electroplating) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 17: Global: Nickel (Electroplating) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 18: Global: Nickel (Casting) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 19: Global: Nickel (Casting) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 20: Global: Nickel (Batteries) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 21: Global: Nickel (Batteries) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 22: Global: Nickel (Other Applications) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 23: Global: Nickel (Other Applications) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 24: Global: Nickel (Transportation & Defense) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 25: Global: Nickel (Transportation & Defense) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 26: Global: Nickel (Fabricated Metal Products) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 27: Global: Nickel (Fabricated Metal Products) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 28: Global: Nickel (Electrical & Electronics) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 29: Global: Nickel (Electrical & Electronics) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 30: Global: Nickel (Chemical) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 31: Global: Nickel (Chemical) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 32: Global: Nickel (Petrochemical) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 33: Global: Nickel (Petrochemical) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 34: Global: Nickel (Construction) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 35: Global: Nickel (Construction) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 36: Global: Nickel (Consumer Durables) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 37: Global: Nickel (Consumer Durables) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 38: Global: Nickel (Industrial Machinery) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 39: Global: Nickel (Industrial Machinery) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 40: Global: Nickel (Other Industries) Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 41: Global: Nickel (Other Industries) Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 42: Asia Pacific: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 43: Asia Pacific: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 44: China: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 45: China: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 46: Japan: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 47: Japan: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 48: India: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 49: India: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 50: South Korea: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 51: South Korea: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 52: Australia: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 53: Australia: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 54: Indonesia: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 55: Indonesia: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 56: Others: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 57: Others: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 58: Europe: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 59: Europe: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 60: Germany: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 61: Germany: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 62: France: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 63: France: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 64: United Kingdom: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 65: United Kingdom: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 66: Italy: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 67: Italy: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 68: Spain: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 69: Spain: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 70: Russia: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 71: Russia: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 72: Others: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 73: Others: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 74: North America: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 75: North America: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 76: United States: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 77: United States: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 78: Canada: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 79: Canada: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 80: Latin America: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 81: Latin America: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 82: Brazil: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 83: Brazil: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 84: Mexico: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 85: Mexico: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 86: Argentina: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 87: Argentina: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 88: Colombia: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 89: Colombia: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 90: Chile: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 91: Chile: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 92: Peru: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 93: Peru: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 94: Others: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 95: Others: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 96: Middle East and Africa: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 97: Middle East and Africa: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 98: Turkey: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 99: Turkey: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 100: Saudi Arabia: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 101: Saudi Arabia: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 102: Iran: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 103: Iran: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 104: United Arab Emirates: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 105: United Arab Emirates: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 106: Others: Nickel Market: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2015 & 2020
Figure 107: Others: Nickel Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Figure 108: Global: Nickel Industry: SWOT Analysis
Figure 109: Global: Nickel Industry: Value Chain Analysis
Figure 107: Global: Nickel Industry: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
List of Tables
Table 1: Global: Nickel Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2020 and 2026
Table 2: Global: Nickel Market Forecast: Breakup by Product Type (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Table 3: Global: Nickel Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Table 4: Global: Nickel Market Forecast: Breakup by End-Use Industry (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Table 5: Global: Nickel Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in ‘000 Tons), 2021-2026
Table 6: Global: Nickel Market: Competitive Structure
Table 7: Global: Nickel Market: Key Players