Market Overview:
The global immunodiagnostics market exhibited XX growth during 2015-2020. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to grow at a CAGR of XX% during 2021-2026. Keeping in mind the uncertainties of COVID-19, we are continuously tracking and evaluating the direct as well as the indirect influence of the pandemic on different end use sectors. These insights are included in the report as a major market contributor.
Immunodiagnostics refers to an in-vitro diagnostic technology that uses antigen-antibody reaction for the detection of infectious and chronic diseases. It involves the use of radiological, fluorescent or color-forming enzymes and probes for the identification of antibodies that aid in enhancing the targeting range to identify disease progression. Immunodiagnostics also uses various reagents, instruments and software-based solutions for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence, radioimmunoassay and rapid testing. These solutions are widely used for diagnosing diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune, respiratory, endocrine and oncological disorders, along with forensic psychology and environmental and food analysis. As a result, immunodiagnostics finds extensive applications across hospitals, clinical laboratories and research and academic institutes.
Immunodiagnostics Market Trends:
The increasing prevalence of chronic medical ailments and infections among the masses is one of the key factors driving the market growth. Moreover, the rising geriatric population, which is more susceptible to such ailments, is providing a thrust to the growth of the market. There is also an escalating awareness among the consumers regarding the available treatment alternatives for ailments, such as hepatitis B, diabetes and cancer, which is positively impacting the demand for immunodiagnostics kits, assays and analyzers. Additionally, various technological advancements, such as the development of next-generation immunodiagnostics platforms, are anticipated to drive the market toward growth. These advanced point-of-care testing (POCT) systems offer enhanced diagnostic facilities for sepsis, acute cardiac infractions and other medical disorders with higher mortality rates. Other factors, including the increasing requirement for personalized medicines among the masses, along with extensive improvements in the healthcare infrastructure, especially in the developing economies, are anticipated to drive the market toward growth.
Key Market Segmentation:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global immunodiagnostics market report, along with forecasts for growth at the global, regional and country level from 2021-2026. Our report has categorized the market based on product, technology, application and end user.
Breakup by Product:
- Reagents
- Instruments
- Software and Services
Breakup by Technology:
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
- Fluorescent Immunoassay
- Radioimmunoassay
- Rapid Test
- Others
Breakup by Application:
- Infectious Diseases
- Oncology and Endocrinology
- Hepatitis and Retrovirus
- Bone and Mineral
- Autoimmunity
- Cardiac Biomarker
- Others
Breakup by End User:
- Hospitals
- Clinical Laboratories
- Academic and Research Centers
- Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry
- Others
Breakup by Region:
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- South Korea
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Others
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Spain
- Russia
- Others
- Latin America
- Middle East and Africa
Competitive Landscape:
The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined along with the profiles of the key players being Abbott Laboratories, Arkray Inc., bioMérieux SA, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., DiaSorin S.p.A., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings PLC, Johnson & Johnson, Siemens AG, Sysmex Corporation and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
Report Coverages:
| Report Features |
Details |
|---|
| Base Year of the Analysis |
2020 |
| Historical Period |
2015-2020 |
| Forecast Period |
2021-2026 |
| Units |
US$ Billion |
| Segment Coverage |
Product, Technology, Application, End User, Region |
| Region Covered |
Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa |
| Countries Covered |
United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico |
| Companies Covered |
Abbott Laboratories, Arkray Inc., bioMérieux SA, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., DiaSorin S.p.A., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings PLC, Johnson & Johnson, Siemens AG, Sysmex Corporation and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. |
| Customization Scope |
10% Free Customization |
| Report Price and Purchase Option |
Single User License: US$ 2299
Five User License: US$ 3399
Corporate License: US$ 4499 |
| Post-Sale Analyst Support |
10-12 Weeks |
| Delivery Format |
PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/Word format on special request) |
Key Questions Answered in This Report:
- How has the global immunodiagnostics market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
- What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global immunodiagnostics market?
- What are the key regional markets?
- What is the breakup of the market based on the product?
- What is the breakup of the market based on the technology?
- What is the breakup of the market based on the application?
- What is the breakup of the market based on the end user?
- What are the various stages in the value chain of the industry?
- What are the key driving factors and challenges in the industry?
- What is the structure of the global immunodiagnostics market and who are the key players?
- What is the degree of competition in the industry?
1 Preface
2 Scope and Methodology
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 Executive Summary
4 Introduction
4.1 Overview
4.2 Key Industry Trends
5 Global Immunodiagnostics Market
5.1 Market Overview
5.2 Market Performance
5.3 Impact of COVID-19
5.4 Market Forecast
6 Market Breakup by Product
6.1 Reagents
6.1.1 Market Trends
6.1.2 Market Forecast
6.2 Instruments
6.2.1 Market Trends
6.2.2 Market Forecast
6.3 Software and Services
6.3.1 Market Trends
6.3.2 Market Forecast
7 Market Breakup by Technology
7.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
7.1.1 Market Trends
7.1.2 Market Forecast
7.2 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
7.2.1 Market Trends
7.2.2 Market Forecast
7.3 Fluorescent Immunoassay
7.3.1 Market Trends
7.3.2 Market Forecast
7.4 Radioimmunoassay
7.4.1 Market Trends
7.4.2 Market Forecast
7.5 Rapid Test
7.5.1 Market Trends
7.5.2 Market Forecast
7.6 Others
7.6.1 Market Trends
7.6.2 Market Forecast
8 Market Breakup by Application
8.1 Infectious Diseases
8.1.1 Market Trends
8.1.2 Market Forecast
8.2 Oncology and Endocrinology
8.2.1 Market Trends
8.2.2 Market Forecast
8.3 Hepatitis and Retrovirus
8.3.1 Market Trends
8.3.2 Market Forecast
8.4 Bone and Mineral
8.4.1 Market Trends
8.4.2 Market Forecast
8.5 Autoimmunity
8.5.1 Market Trends
8.5.2 Market Forecast
8.6 Cardiac Biomarker
8.6.1 Market Trends
8.6.2 Market Forecast
8.7 Others
8.7.1 Market Trends
8.7.2 Market Forecast
9 Market Breakup by End User
9.1 Hospitals
9.1.1 Market Trends
9.1.2 Market Forecast
9.2 Clinical Laboratories
9.2.1 Market Trends
9.2.2 Market Forecast
9.3 Academic and Research Centers
9.3.1 Market Trends
9.3.2 Market Forecast
9.4 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry
9.4.1 Market Trends
9.4.2 Market Forecast
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Market Trends
9.5.2 Market Forecast
10 Market Breakup by Region
10.1 North America
10.1.1 United States
10.1.1.1 Market Trends
10.1.1.2 Market Forecast
10.1.2 Canada
10.1.2.1 Market Trends
10.1.2.2 Market Forecast
10.2 Asia-Pacific
10.2.1 China
10.2.1.1 Market Trends
10.2.1.2 Market Forecast
10.2.2 Japan
10.2.2.1 Market Trends
10.2.2.2 Market Forecast
10.2.3 India
10.2.3.1 Market Trends
10.2.3.2 Market Forecast
10.2.4 South Korea
10.2.4.1 Market Trends
10.2.4.2 Market Forecast
10.2.5 Australia
10.2.5.1 Market Trends
10.2.5.2 Market Forecast
10.2.6 Indonesia
10.2.6.1 Market Trends
10.2.6.2 Market Forecast
10.2.7 Others
10.2.7.1 Market Trends
10.2.7.2 Market Forecast
10.3 Europe
10.3.1 Germany
10.3.1.1 Market Trends
10.3.1.2 Market Forecast
10.3.2 France
10.3.2.1 Market Trends
10.3.2.2 Market Forecast
10.3.3 United Kingdom
10.3.3.1 Market Trends
10.3.3.2 Market Forecast
10.3.4 Italy
10.3.4.1 Market Trends
10.3.4.2 Market Forecast
10.3.5 Spain
10.3.5.1 Market Trends
10.3.5.2 Market Forecast
10.3.6 Russia
10.3.6.1 Market Trends
10.3.6.2 Market Forecast
10.3.7 Others
10.3.7.1 Market Trends
10.3.7.2 Market Forecast
10.4 Latin America
10.4.1 Brazil
10.4.1.1 Market Trends
10.4.1.2 Market Forecast
10.4.2 Mexico
10.4.2.1 Market Trends
10.4.2.2 Market Forecast
10.4.3 Others
10.4.3.1 Market Trends
10.4.3.2 Market Forecast
10.5 Middle East and Africa
10.5.1 Market Trends
10.5.2 Market Breakup by Country
10.5.3 Market Forecast
11 SWOT Analysis
11.1 Overview
11.2 Strengths
11.3 Weaknesses
11.4 Opportunities
11.5 Threats
12 Value Chain Analysis
13 Porters Five Forces Analysis
13.1 Overview
13.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
13.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
13.4 Degree of Competition
13.5 Threat of New Entrants
13.6 Threat of Substitutes
14 Price Analysis
15 Competitive Landscape
15.1 Market Structure
15.2 Key Players
15.3 Profiles of Key Players
15.3.1 Abbott Laboratories
15.3.1.1 Company Overview
15.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.1.3 Financials
15.3.1.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.2 Arkray Inc.
15.3.2.1 Company Overview
15.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.3 bioMérieux SA
15.3.3.1 Company Overview
15.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.3.3 Financials
15.3.3.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.4 Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.
15.3.4.1 Company Overview
15.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.4.3 Financials
15.3.4.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.5 DiaSorin S.p.A.
15.3.5.1 Company Overview
15.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.5.3 Financials
15.3.5.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.6 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
15.3.6.1 Company Overview
15.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.6.3 Financials
15.3.7 Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings PLC
15.3.7.1 Company Overview
15.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.7.3 Financials
15.3.8 Johnson & Johnson
15.3.8.1 Company Overview
15.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.8.3 Financials
15.3.8.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.9 Siemens AG
15.3.9.1 Company Overview
15.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.10 Sysmex Corporation
15.3.10.1 Company Overview
15.3.10.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.10.3 Financials
15.3.10.4 SWOT Analysis
15.3.11 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
15.3.11.1 Company Overview
15.3.11.2 Product Portfolio
15.3.11.3 Financials
15.3.11.4 SWOT Analysis
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
Figure 2: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Billion US$), 2015-2020
Figure 3: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Billion US$), 2021-2026
Figure 4: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by Product (in %), 2020
Figure 5: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by Technology (in %), 2020
Figure 6: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2020
Figure 7: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by End User (in %), 2020
Figure 8: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2020
Figure 9: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Reagents) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 10: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Reagents) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 11: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Instruments) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 12: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Instruments) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 13: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Software and Services) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 14: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Software and Services) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 15: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 16: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 17: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 18: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 19: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Fluorescent Immunoassay) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 20: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Fluorescent Immunoassay) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 21: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Radioimmunoassay) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 22: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Radioimmunoassay) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 23: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Rapid Test) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 24: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Rapid Test) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 25: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other Technologies) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 26: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other Technologies) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 27: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Infectious Diseases) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 28: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Infectious Diseases) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 29: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Oncology and Endocrinology) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 30: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Oncology and Endocrinology) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 31: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Hepatitis and Retrovirus) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 32: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Hepatitis and Retrovirus) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 33: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Bone and Mineral) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 34: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Bone and Mineral) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 35: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Autoimmunity) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 36: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Autoimmunity) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 37: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Cardiac Biomarker) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 38: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Cardiac Biomarker) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 39: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other Applications) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 40: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other Applications) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 41: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Hospitals) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 42: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Hospitals) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 43: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Clinical Laboratories) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 44: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Clinical Laboratories) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 45: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Academic and Research Centers) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 46: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Academic and Research Centers) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 47: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 48: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 49: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other End Users) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 50: Global: Immunodiagnostics (Other End Users) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 51: North America: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 52: North America: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 53: United States: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 54: United States: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 55: Canada: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 56: Canada: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 57: Asia-Pacific: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 58: Asia-Pacific: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 59: China: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 60: China: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 61: Japan: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 62: Japan: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 63: India: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 64: India: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 65: South Korea: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 66: South Korea: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 67: Australia: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 68: Australia: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 69: Indonesia: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 70: Indonesia: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 71: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 72: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 73: Europe: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 74: Europe: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 75: Germany: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 76: Germany: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 77: France: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 78: France: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 79: United Kingdom: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 80: United Kingdom: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 81: Italy: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 82: Italy: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 83: Spain: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 84: Spain: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 85: Russia: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 86: Russia: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 87: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 88: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 89: Latin America: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 90: Latin America: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 91: Brazil: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 92: Brazil: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 93: Mexico: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 94: Mexico: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 95: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 96: Others: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 97: Middle East and Africa: Immunodiagnostics Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2015 & 2020
Figure 98: Middle East and Africa: Immunodiagnostics Market: Breakup by Country (in %), 2020
Figure 99: Middle East and Africa: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Figure 100: Global: Immunodiagnostics Industry: SWOT Analysis
Figure 101: Global: Immunodiagnostics Industry: Value Chain Analysis
Figure 102: Global: Immunodiagnostics Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis
List of Tables
Table 1: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2020 and 2026
Table 2: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Breakup by Product (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Table 3: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Breakup by Technology (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Table 4: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Table 5: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Breakup by End User (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Table 6: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in Million US$), 2021-2026
Table 7: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Competitive Structure
Table 8: Global: Immunodiagnostics Market: Key Players